|
1. Definition
|
Name
|
TOURISM
CHANGE
|
|
Brief
definition
|
Trend
of number of tourists per destination in the last
10 years.
|
|
Unit of measure
|
Change in number
|
2.
Position within the logical framework DPSIR
|
Type
of Indicator
|
Driving
force
|
3.
Target and political pertinence
|
Objective
|
The
indicator shows how the tourism destinations have
changed in the last 10 years in the specific area.
|
|
Importance
with respect to desertification
|
To
monitor and programme change in tourism destinations
is important in order to manage tourism in areas more
vulnerable to land degradation processes.
|
|
International
Conventions and agreements
|
In
1996, three international organizations - the World
Travel & Tourism Council, the World Tourism Organization
and the Earth Council - joined together to launch
an action plan: "Agenda 21 for the Travel &
Tourism Industry: Towards Environmentally Sustainable
Development", a sectoral sustainable development
programme based on the results of the 1992 Earth Summit.
The UN Commission for Sustainable Development, at
its Seventh Session in 1999, considered tourism as
an economic sector, held a multi-stakeholder dialogue
on the topic and adopted an international work programme
on sustainable tourism development. Implementation
of the programme will be reviewed in 2002 as part
of the 10- year review of progress achieved since
the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment
and Development (UNCED).
With
respect to the European Commission, Article 3u in
the Amsterdam Treaty included, for the first time,
'measures in the sphere of tourism' in the list of
Community activities chosen in support of the Community's
overall objectives. However the Treaty gives no particular
guidance for a Community tourism policy and there
is no specific legal basis for Community measures
on tourism. In 1999, while discussing the Commission's
communication "Enhancing Tourism's Potential
for Employment" the Council of (Internal Market)
Ministers recalled the importance of better integration
of the needs of the tourism sector into other Community
policies and invited the Commission and the Member
States to work together on a number of priority issues
including promoting environmental protection and sustainable
development in tourism. EU Working groups (Member
States and European Commission) addressed these issues
and were due to recommend a set of policies to the
Council by mid-2001.
|
|
Secondary
objectives of the indicator
|
The
indicator helps provide suggestions for programme
actions and policies to improve tourism in a more
sustainable environment.
|
4.
Methodological description and basic definitions
|
Definitions
and basic concepts
|
A
tourist is a visitor who stays at least one night
in collective or private accommodation in the country
visited.
The
indicator adopts the numbers of overnight stays as
a measure of numbers of tourists.
A
night spent (or overnight stay) is each night that
a guest actually spends (sleeps or stays) or is registered
in a collective accommodation establishment or in
private tourism accommodation.
|
|
Benchmarks
Indication of the values/ranges of value
|
I°
range: < Local Mean -St. Dev.
II° range: >Local Mean - St. Dev. < Local Mean
III° range: > Local Mean < Local Mean + St.
Dev.
IV° range: > Local Mean + St. Dev
|
|
Methods
of measurement
|
To
calculate the indicator, the number of overnight stays
(including second homes) in a specific destination
over one year is compared for the last 10 years.
|
|
Limits
of the indicator
|
The
indicator does not take into account the factors affecting
change, those that are within local control and those
that are external. The indicator does not take into
account visitor activities. At many sites it is the
day trip activities that may cause damage to the environment.
Therefore to focus on overnight tourists may overlook
a major pressure, but data on day trip activities
is more difficult to collect (see also tourism
intensity).
|
|
Linkages
with other indicators
|
The
indicator is closely linked to other tourism indicators such
as Penetration of tourist eco-labels, Tourism intensity.
|
5.
Evaluation of data needs and availability
|
Data
required to calculate the indicator
|
Data
on the number of nights spent by residents and non
residents in tourist accommodation (hotel, campsites,
second homes and with friends). Where data on second
home and friends are not available, these may be omitted,
and a specification of this exclusion may be inlcuded.
|
|
Data
sources
|
The
primary data sources are national statistical offices
and country publications.
|
|
Availability of data
from national and international sources
|
Apart from national
statistical agencies, the data are also available
from Eurostat, World Tourism Organization and OECD.
|
6.
Institutions that have participated in developing the indicator
|
Main
institutions responsible
|
|
|
Other
contributing organizations
|
Universities
of Basilicata, Lisbon, Murcia, Athens.
|
7.
Additional information
|
Bibliography
|
Eurostat-OECD-WTO,
Tourism Satellite Account (TSA): Methodological References,
2000.
|
|
Other
references
|
World
Tourism Organisation, 1996. What tourism managers
need to know. A practical guide to the development
and use of indicators of sustainable tourism, WTO
Spain.
Organisation
for Economic Cooperation and Development, 1994. Environmental
Indicators - OECD Core Set, OECD Paris.
http://themes.eea.eu.int/Sectors_and_activities.
|
|
Contacts Name and address
|
University of Basilicata
Prof Giovanni Quaranta
email: quaranta@unibas.it
|
|
